Investigators and Partners

This project is the product of the combined efforts of many interdisciplinary researchers of various expertise and is currently operated by:

• Prof Lindsay Hutley (Ecophysiologist)(CDU)
• Prof Jason Beringer (Micrometeorology)(UWA)

Project Overview

A Flux Tower at Howard Springs established within the Black Jungle Conservation Reserve. The sites research and monitoring is representative of high rainfall, frequently burnt tropical savanna. Tropical savanna in Australia occupies 1.9 million km2 across the north and given the extent of this biome, understanding biogeochemical cycles, impacts of fire on sequestration, vegetation and fauna is a national priority.

Tropical savanna covers a large proportion of the Australian landscape and is important for its economic, conservation and cultural value. Through the processes of evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, respiration and biomass burning savanna plays a highly significant role in regional and continental cycles of water and carbon. Savanna is fire-dominated, indeed fire-dependant, and yet an understanding of direct feedbacks of savanna fires to the atmosphere is virtually non-existent.

In the NT, savanna ecosystems are largely intact in terms of tree cover, with only modest levels of land use change. Despite this, there is evidence of a loss of biodiversity, most likely due to shifts in fire regimes and a loss of patchiness in the landscape. Approximately 40% of the savanna burn every year and understanding fire impacts on fauna and flora is essential for effective land management. Vast areas, limited infrastructure and human resources makes the role of remote sensing all the more important for land management in north Australia and this site contributes to these needs by establishing infrastructure at a significant savanna site.

The site provides nationally consistent observations of vegetation dynamics, faunal biodiversity, micrometeorology (climate, radiation, fluxes of carbon and water), hydrology and biogeochemistry to examine the impacts of fire regime, climate on carbon stocks and GHG emissions, and impacts on habitat quality via ongoing monitoring of vegetation structure and fauna. A wide range of ground based observations of vegetation structure and floristics is planned and all will link to remote sensing of fire and vegetation change over time. Measurements of carbon sequestration through time will be achieved via the instrumentation capable of directly measuring CO2, water use and surface energy properties (energy balance, reflectance).

The tower will provide longterm measurements as part of the Ozflux network and the infrastructure is partly funded through the NCRIS TERN OzFlux facilities.

Key research questions

What are the impacts of prevailing fire regimes (primarily frequency, but also intensity, extent, heterogeneity) on vegetation structure and composition, habitat quality, fragmentation and vertebrate faunal biodiversity?

How does vegetation structure, climate drivers and fire regime influence savanna carbon sequestration rate?

How can fire management contribute to greenhouse gas abatement and carbon sequestration in savanna ecosystems?

What are the impact of climate change on fire regimes and subsequent feedbacks to savanna carbon and water cycles ?

The Site Location

The Howard Springs flux station is located south east of Darwin in the Black Jungle Conservation Reserve. It was established in August 2001 and is managed by The University of Western Australia and Charles Darwin University. The Howard Springs OzFlux Site is located at: Latitude: -12.49 S Longitude: 131.15 E

Site Characteristics

The flux tower site is classified as an Eucalypt open forest savanna with woollybutt, stringybark and a sorghum tall grass understory and average tree height is 14?16m. Stem density: 661 stems/ha (total stems 684 stems/ha). Basal area: 9.66 m2/ha. LAI - Total: 0.79 Overstorey: 0.60 Understorey: 0.19

Biomass Harvest - mean live biomass: 66.25 gm-2 (standard error: 22.29). Mean standing dead biomass: 20.54 gm-2 (standard error: 8.34). Mean litter biomass: 297.75 gm-2 (standard error: 33.31). Total mean biomass: 384.54 gm-2 (standard error: 37.09).

Soil- Clay: 4.10% (volume <1?m); Silt: 37.90% (volume <1?m); Sand: 57.93% (volume <1?m); Sand (>1 ?m): 7.45% (total weight)

Elevation of the site is close to 64m and mean annual precipitation is 1750mm. Maximum temperatures range from 30.4?C (in July) to 33.2?C (in November), while minimum temperatures range from 19.3?C (in July) to 25.4?C (in November). Therefore, the maximum and minimum range varies from 7?C (wet season) to 11?C (dry season).

Data

Data from this site is available through the OzFlux data portal international FLUXNET database or via the investigators email jason.beringer[@]uwa.edu.au

Further Information

• Prof. Jason Beringer
• Prof. Lindsay Hutley
• School of Agriculture and Environment
• Charles Darwin University
• The Australian Flux Network (OzFlux)
• The Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Network (TERN)
• The Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Network (TERN) Supersite network
• The National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS)
• The International FLUXNET

Acknowledgements

This site is produced by Prof. Jason Beringer, UWA, School of Agriculture and Environment and proudly part of the Australian Flux Network(OzFlux) and partly supported by the Australian NCRIS Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN). Australian Research Council grants supported this work (DP0344744, LP0774812, DP0772981, LP0990038, DP130101566 and FT110100602)

Instrument Type	Make	Model	Situation
Bidirectional pyranometer / pyrgiometer	Kipp and Zonen	CNR4	36m
Combination cup anemometer / wind vane (6 replicates)	RM Young	03002	1m, 2m, 4m, 8m, 16m, 32m
Infra-red gas analyser	LiCOR	LI-7500	36m
Quantum sensor	Apogee	SQ-110
Soil heat flux plate (4 replicates)	Hukseflux	HFP01	-0.08m
Soil temperature probe (4 replicates)	Campbell Scientific	TCAV	All at -0.08m
Solar regulator	Prostar	PS-30M
3D Sonic anemometer	Campbell Scientific	CSAT3	36m
Temperature and Relative Humidity sensor (6 replicates)	Campbell Scientific	HMP-45C	1 each at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 & 32m
Soil Moisture Probe (8 replicates)	Campbell Scientific	CS-616	4 at -0.1m & 1 at each of -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.5m
Unidirectional sunshine pyranometer	Delta	SPN1	36m
Logger	Campbell Scientific	CR3000	1.5m
Multiplexor	Campbell Scientific	AM25T	1.5m
Rain gauge	Hydrological Services	TB3	36m
Profile gas analyser	LiCOR	LI-840	32m
Profile pressure line	Vaisala	CS105	16m
Profile air pressure	Vaisala	CS106	16m
Flow meter	Aalborg	GFM17	16m
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) sensor	Campbell Scientific	Quantum LI-190	2 at 36m, one facing upward, one facing downward
4-channel light sensor	Skye Instruments	SKR 1850	2 at 36m, one facing upward, one facing downward